In Arrêt Volkswagen (2020), when the financial harm is tied to a tangible asset, the locus damni is:

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Locus damni is tied directly to where the defective tangible asset was placed on the market. In Arrêt Volkswagen (2020), the Court of Justice of the European Union clarifies that when financial harm arises from a defect in a physical product, the connecting factor for jurisdiction is the place where that product was placed on the market. This makes sense because the harm is linked to the asset itself—the moment the asset enters commerce is when the defect can affect buyers, and thus where the market and the risk associated with the product originate. Buying the asset later or the defendant’s domicile would not capture the origin of the harm in the same precise way, and simply the location of where the loss is suffered is too general. The market-entry location provides the most direct link between the defective asset and the adverse financial effect on victims, which is why it is chosen as the locus damni.