In a flight with layover, where the passenger has a ticket issued by the first airline but is carried by a second, the action against the carrier with whom there is no direct contract is contractual if the passenger has what?

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The key idea is how liability for air carriage is established when multiple carriers are involved. When a passenger buys a through-ticket from the first airline and is transported by a second airline on part of the journey, the second carrier can be sued on a contractual basis if there is a freely assumed link with the first segment. That means the interline arrangement or through-ticket plan binds both carriers to treat the entire journey as one contract of carriage, even though the passenger did not sign a direct contract with the second carrier. The passenger’s rights flow from that single contractual relationship to the entire voyage, so suing the second carrier is contractual despite no direct agreement between the passenger and that carrier. The other scenarios don’t create that through-carriage contractual link: there must be a direct contract to sue the second carrier, or an insurer contract, or a mere service complaint, none of which establish the same contractual liability for the through-carriage.